Eleanor Tydings Ditzen Papers
Abstract
Eleanor Tydings Ditzen was the daughter of Ambassador Joseph E. Davies, the step-daughter of Marjorie Merriweather Post, the wife of U. S. Senator Millard Tydings, and the mother of U. S. Senator Joseph E. Tydings. Included in this collection is documentation regarding her work with the Washington Hospital Center, which she helped to found; correspondence with various family members including those listed above; notes and drafts of her writings including her autobiography, My Golden Spoon; speeches and correspondence relating to her 1956 campaign for U. S. Senate; early school and childhood materials; writings by Millard Tydings; photographs; genealogical research; and documentation on the Tydings home of "Oakington."
Important Information for Users of the Collection
Some files are restricted. Refer to individual folder headings for more information.
Eleanor Tydings Ditzen Papers, Special Collections, University of Maryland Libraries.
Photocopies of original materials may be provided for a fee and at the discretion of the curator. Please see our Duplication of Materials policy for more information. Queries regarding publication rights and copyright status of materials within this collection should be directed to the appropriate curator.
This collection is PROCESSED.
Historical Note
Eleanor Davies was born on April 27, 1904 in Watertown, Wisconsin, to Joseph Edward Davies, a lawyer and diplomat, and Mary Emlen Knight. The family moved to Washington, D.C., in 1912 when Joseph Davies accepted a high-level post in the Wilson administration. Eleanor was educated at the Holton Arms School and Vassar College. She was very active in the social life of Washington. In 1926 she married Thomas Cheesborough of Asheville, North Carolina. This marriage produced two children, Joseph (b. 1926) and Eleanor (b. 1932), but ended in divorce in April 1935. In December of the same year Eleanor married Senator Millard Tydings of Maryland, who subsequently adopted both children.
Eleanor Tydings Ditzen became very active in social and political life of the District of Columbia and Maryland throughout the remainder of Tydings' political career, including his electoral defeat at the hands of Sen. Joseph McCarthy and his allies in 1950. She remained politically active through the 1950s and served as Adlai Stevenson's campaign manager in Maryland in the presidential election of 1956. Millard Tydings' health began to decline in the mid-1950s, and he died in 1961.
Eleanor Tydings Ditzen worked with and supported various charities, including the creation of the Washington Hospital Center. In 1965, she met the Reverend Lowell Ditzen, a national leader of the Presbyterian Church. They were married in 1966; he died in 1987. Her later years were filled with international travel, family gatherings, and parties. She died in 2006 at the age of 102.
Scope and Contents of the Collection
The Eleanor Tydings Ditzen Collection covers the period 1836-2001. It includes genealogical materials on Ditzen's family, her own correspondence with family and friends, and copies of her writings. It also includes a small amount of correspondence with and between several significant historical figures including Joseph Davies and Millard Tydings. Political topics include copies of and notes for Ditzen's speeches, and information about Sen. Tydings' 1950 primary election campaign. Some files include correspondence and other information about family properties in Maryland and the District of Columbia. Photographs showing family members, friends, and notable historical figures such as President Bill Clinton are also included.
Custodial History and Acquisition Information
The Eleanor Tydings Ditzen papers were donated to the University of Maryland by Joseph Tydings on July 27, 2006.
Processing Information
Processed by Peter Curtis, September 2012.
Metal fasteners were removed and replaced with plastic clips. Acidic newspaper clippings were photocopied onto archival bond paper.
EAD markup created using EAD database in Microsoft Access. Markup completed by Joanne Archer, September 2012.
Arrangement of Collection
The collection is arranged in seven series:
Detailed Description of the Collection
Series 1: Genealogy and Family History, 1836-2000 and undated (0.66 linear feet)
This series is comprised largely of primary and secondary material about the Davies, Knight, and Clark families. Notes and sources for family history are also included.
| Description | Series | Box / Reel | Folder / Frame | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biographies, Augustin Herman, Anne Whittam, Rachel Davies, John Knight, undated | series 1 | box 1 | folder 1 | |
| Clark ancestor book, 1836-2000 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 2 | |
| Davies family (Oversize only), 1927-1995 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 3 | |
| Davies, Joseph Edward - biographical information (1), 1937-2000 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 4 | |
| Davies, Joseph Edward - biographical information (2), 1936-1958 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 5 | |
| General, 1888-1999 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 6 | |
| Knight, Col. J.H., 1861-1974 | series 1 | box 2 | folder 1 | |
| Knight family, 2001 | series 1 | box 2 | folder 2 | |
| Notes and sources (Oversize only), 1987-1995 | series 1 | box 2 | folder 3 | |
| Society of the Cincinnati, 1975-1987 | series 1 | box 2 | folder 4 | |
Series 2: Personal, 1904-2001 and undated (3.00 linear feet)
Series 2 includes Ditzen's baby book; biographical files on both of her parents; extensive correspondence including much with her family, some with the general public; large sections concerning the death Millard Tydings; and responses to her autobiography. It includes a diary for the year 1960. The final section includes information on a number of family properties including a yacht and real property in both Maryland and the District of Columbia.
| Description | Series | Box / Reel | Folder / Frame | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baby book (Oversize only), 1904-1912 | series 2 | box 1 | folder 1 | |
| Biographical material- Emlen Davies, 1906-1971 | series 2 | box 1 | folder 2 | |
| Biographical material- Joseph E. Davies, 1916-1999 | series 2 | box 1 | folder 3 | |
| Birthday celebration, 70th, 1974 | series 2 | box 1 | folder 4 | |
| Church and religion, 1997-2000 | series 2 | box 1 | folder 5 | |
| Correspondence - Clinton White House, 1994-1997 | series 2 | box 1 | folder 6 | |
| Correspondence - family (1), 1917-1925 | series 2 | box 2 | folder 1 | |
| Correspondence - family (2), 1935-1936 | series 2 | box 2 | folder 2 | |
| Correspondence - family (3), 1937 | series 2 | box 2 | folder 3 | |
| Correspondence - family (4), 1937 | series 2 | box 2 | folder 4 | |
| Correspondence - family (5), 1938 | series 2 | box 2 | folder 5 | |
| Correspondence - family (6), 1939 | series 2 | box 3 | folder 1 | |
| Correspondence - family (7), 1943-1948 | series 2 | box 3 | folder 2 | |
| Correspondence - family (8), 1949-1950 | series 2 | box 3 | folder 3 | |
| Correspondence - family (9), 1952-1956 | series 2 | box 3 | folder 4 | |
| Correspondence - family (10), 1958-2001 | series 2 | box 3 | folder 5 | |
| Correspondence - family- weddings, 1985-1997 | series 2 | box 3 | folder 6 | |
| Correspondence- general (1), 1935-1998 | series 2 | box 3 | folder 7 | |
| Correspondence- general (2), 1999-2000 | series 2 | box 3 | folder 8 | |
| Correspondence- general- important parties, 1958-2002 | series 2 | box 4 | folder 1 | |
| Correspondence- "letters from Mabel", undated | series 2 | box 4 | folder 2 | |
| Correspondence- Queen Mother, 2001 | series 2 | box 4 | folder 3 | |
| Correspondence- reaction to death of Millard Tydings (1), 1961 | series 2 | box 4 | folder 4 | |
| Correspondence- reaction to death of Millard Tydings (2), 1961 | series 2 | box 4 | folder 5 | |
| Correspondence- reaction to death of Millard Tydings (3), 1961 | series 2 | box 5 | folder 1 | |
| Correspondence- reaction to death of Millard Tydings (4), 1961 | series 2 | box 5 | folder 2 | |
| Correspondence- reaction to death of Millard Tydings (5), 1961 | series 2 | box 5 | folder 3 | |
| Correspondence- response to My Golden Spoon (1), 1996-1997 | series 2 | box 5 | folder 4 | |
| Correspondence- response to My Golden Spoon (2), 1997-1999 | series 2 | box 5 | folder 5 | |
| Correspondence- response to My Golden Spoon (3), 1997-1998 | series 2 | box 6 | folder 1 | |
| Diary, 1960 | series 2 | box 6 | folder 2 | |
| Family yacht, 1984-1994 | series 2 | box 6 | folder 3 | |
| Property- Oakington- assessment and valuation, 1966-1980 [Restricted] | series 2 | box 6 | folder 4 | |
| Property- Oakington- court documents, 1977 [Restricted] | series 2 | box 6 | folder 5 | |
| Property- Oakington- financial records (1), 1966-1982 [Restricted] | series 2 | box 6 | folder 6 | |
| Property- Oakington- financial records (2), 1966-1986 [Restricted] | series 2 | box 6 | folder 7 | |
| Property- Oakington- inventories (1), 1966-1970 | series 2 | box 7 | folder 1 | |
| Property- Oakington- inventories (2), 1972-1981 | series 2 | box 7 | folder 2 | |
| Property- Oakington- legal and tax documents, 1976-1982 [Restricted] | series 2 | box 7 | folder 3 | |
| Property- Oakington- possible future use, 1975 | series 2 | box 7 | folder 4 | |
| Property- Oakington- sale document, 1981 [Restricted] | series 2 | box 7 | folder 5 | |
| Property- Oakington-specifications (Oversize only), 1935-1936 [Restricted] | series 2 | box 7 | folder 6 | |
| Property- Tregaron, 1941-1999 | series 2 | box 7 | folder 7 | |
| Wedding gift list, 1935, 1935 | series 2 | box 7 | folder 8 | |
Series 3: Political, 1932-1999 and undated (1.01 linear feet)
This series includes files covering several important political battles which Ditzen either observed or took part in. These include the 1950 Maryland senatorial campaign in which her husband Millard Tydings lost the primary election to forces led by Senator Joseph McCarthy; and the 1956 Maryland senatorial campaign, in which Tydings was forced to withdraw due to poor health and Ditzen came very close to taking over the candidacy. It also includes file of letters between Joseph Davies and Millard Tydings on World War II-era international matters.
| Description | Series | Box / Reel | Folder / Frame | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party materials, 1950s, 1950-1951 | series 3 | box 1 | folder 1 | |
| Federal hospital legislation, 1944-1954 | series 3 | box 1 | folder 2 | |
| Joseph Tydings, 1995-1999 | series 3 | box 1 | folder 3 | |
| McCarthy/Tydings conflict, 1950 (1), 1950 | series 3 | box 1 | folder 4 | |
| McCarthy/Tydings conflict, 1950 (2), 1950-1952 | series 3 | box 1 | folder 5 | |
| Milllard E. Tydings (1), 1936-1991 | series 3 | box 1 | folder 6 | |
| Milllard E. Tydings (2), 1932-1956 | series 3 | box 1 | folder 7 | |
| Millard E. Tydings- biography by Caroline Keith, 1987-1993 | series 3 | box 2 | folder 1 | |
| Millard Tydings, Joseph Davies- correspondence, 1935-1945 | series 3 | box 2 | folder 2 | |
| Millard E. Tydings- memorials, reminiscences, 1969-1999 | series 3 | box 2 | folder 3 | |
| Senatorial campaign, 1956- correspondence (1), 1956 | series 3 | box 2 | folder 4 | |
| Senatorial campaign, 1956- correspondence (2), 1956 | series 3 | box 2 | folder 5 | |
| Senatorial campaign, 1956- press coverage, 1956 | series 3 | box 3 | folder 1 | |
| Trips to Hawaii, Philippines, 1937-1998 | series 3 | box 3 | folder 2 | |
Series 4: Organizations, 1945-2001 and undated (0.875 linear feet)
This series includes information on many of the schools, hospitals, and other institutions which Ditzen supported and worked with.
| Description | Series | Box / Reel | Folder / Frame | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Harford Day School, 1997-1998 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 1 | |
| Holton Arms School, 1998-1999 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 2 | |
| National Presbyterian Church, 1996-1998 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 3 | |
| St. John's College, 1980-1999 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 4 | |
| Various (1), 1945-2001 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 5 | |
| Various (2), 1957-1999 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 6 | |
| Vassar College, 1997-1999 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 7 | |
| Washington Hospital Center (1), 1967-1998 | series 4 | box 2 | folder 1 | |
| Washington Hospital Center (2), 1999 | series 4 | box 2 | folder 2 | |
| Washington International School, 1998-2000 | series 4 | box 2 | folder 3 | |
Series 5: Writings, 1913-2001 and undated (4.25 linear feet)
This series contains Ditzen's writings, including material from her childhood such as a 1914 composition book from the Holton Arms School. Included are works of fiction such as "Ghosts in the Garden," an unpublished novel, plays, short stories, speeches, and poetry. Copies of her autobiography My Golden Spoon, unbound and occasionally annotated, make up a large portion of the series. Also included in this series are the writings of others, including Millard Tydings. His work includes poetry, plays, reminisces, and a diary of a trip to the Philippines in 1946.
| Description | Series | Box / Reel | Folder / Frame | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Tissue of Lies - UMCP paper on McCarthyism, 1989 | series 5 | box 1 | folder 1 | |
| Childhood, 1913-1914 | series 5 | box 1 | folder 2 | |
| Composition book, Holton Arms School, 1914 | series 5 | box 1 | folder 3 | |
| Fiction- Ghosts in the Garden- copy 1, 2000 | series 5 | box 1 | folder 4 | |
| Fiction- Ghosts in the Garden, undated | series 5 | box 1 | folder 5 | |
| Fiction- Ghosts in the Garden- publication research, 1999-2000 | series 5 | box 2 | folder 1 | |
| Fiction- notes on a play about Sen. McCarthy, undated | series 5 | box 2 | folder 2 | |
| Fiction- play material written while attending Vassar College, 1921-1925 | series 5 | box 2 | folder 3 | |
| Fiction- plays and short stories, 1921-1946 | series 5 | box 2 | folder 4 | |
| Fiction- stories for great grandchildren, 1990 | series 5 | box 2 | folder 5 | |
| Fiction- plays- Mother's Murders, 1941 | series 5 | box 2 | folder 6 | |
| Without Banners, 1943 | series 5 | box 2 | folder 7 | |
| Historical notes and observations, 1941, 1941 | series 5 | box 3 | folder 1 | |
| How to be the greatest father, undated | series 5 | box 3 | folder 2 | |
| Memories and notes on Joseph E. Davies, 1938-1985 | series 5 | box 3 | folder 3 | |
| My Golden Spoon- complete draft- c. 1, 1996 | series 5 | box 3 | folder 4 | |
| My Golden Spoon- complete draft- c. 2, 1996 | series 5 | box 3 | folder 5 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1912-1920, undated | series 5 | box 4 | folder 1 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1930s, undated | series 5 | box 4 | folder 2 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1935-1938, undated | series 5 | box 4 | folder 3 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1935-1939, 1939-1951 | series 5 | box 4 | folder 4 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1935-1939 (1), undated | series 5 | box 4 | folder 5 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1935-1939 (2), 1996 | series 5 | box 5 | folder 1 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1935-1939 (3), undated | series 5 | box 5 | folder 2 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1938-1939, undated | series 5 | box 5 | folder 3 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1941-1943, undated | series 5 | box 5 | folder 4 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1940-1949 (1), undated | series 5 | box 6 | folder 1 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1940-1949 (2), undated | series 5 | box 6 | folder 2 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1940-1949 (3), undated | series 5 | box 6 | folder 3 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1940-1949 (4), undated | series 5 | box 6 | folder 4 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1945-1948- additional material, undated | series 5 | box 6 | folder 5 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1950-1954, undated | series 5 | box 7 | folder 1 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1950-1987, undated | series 5 | box 7 | folder 2 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1950s, undated | series 5 | box 7 | folder 3 | |
| My Golden Spoon- drafts, 1959-1987, undated | series 5 | box 7 | folder 4 | |
| My Golden Spoon- promotions and speeches, 1997-2000 | series 5 | box 7 | folder 5 | |
| My Golden Spoon- publishing and distribution, 1997-1999 | series 5 | box 7 | folder 6 | |
| My Golden Spoon- research notes, 1940s, undated | series 5 | box 7 | folder 7 | |
| My Golden Spoon- reviews, 1997-1998 | series 5 | box 8 | folder 1 | |
| My Golden Spoon- unedited drafts- Part I, undated | series 5 | box 8 | folder 2 | |
| My Golden Spoon- unedited drafts- 1935-1939, undated | series 5 | box 8 | folder 3 | |
| My Golden Spoon- unedited drafts- 1940-1949, undated | series 5 | box 8 | folder 4 | |
| Poems- Oakington poem, 1936 | series 5 | box 8 | folder 5 | |
| Speeches- atomic energy 1/28/1946, 1946 | series 5 | box 8 | folder 6 | |
| Speeches- My Ninety Years in Washington, Sulgrave Club, undated | series 5 | box 8 | folder 7 | |
| Poems on Millard Tydings's death, Feb. 1961, 1961 | series 5 | box 8 | folder 8 | |
| Political and campaign speeches and speech materials, 1928-1982 | series 5 | box 8 | folder 9 | |
| Speeches and notes for speeches (1), 1938-1953 | series 5 | box 9 | folder 1 | |
| Speeches and notes for speeches (2), 1959-1985 | series 5 | box 9 | folder 2 | |
| Speeches and notes for speeches (3), 1947-2001 | series 5 | box 9 | folder 3 | |
| Vassar College papers and notes, 1921-1925 | series 5 | box 9 | folder 4 | |
| Gerald Edward's poem at Florence Dewey's death, 1999 | series 5 | box 10 | folder 1 | |
| Mikulski, Barbara- Tydings tribute, 1990 | series 5 | box 10 | folder 2 | |
| Millard Tydings diary of Phillippines trip [original], 1946 | series 5 | box 10 | folder 3 | |
| Millard Tydings diary of Phillippines trip [photocopy], 1946 | series 5 | box 10 | folder 4 | |
| Millard E. Tydings- disarmament speech, 1946, 1946 | series 5 | box 10 | folder 5 | |
| Millard E. Tydings- poems, undated | series 5 | box 10 | folder 6 | |
| Millard E. Tydings- poems of World War I (Oversize only), undated | series 5 | box 10 | folder 7 | |
| Millard E. Tydings- reminiscences, plays, 1948-1955 | series 5 | box 10 | folder 8 | |
| Millard E. Tydings- various topics, 1924-1950 | series 5 | box 10 | folder 9 | |
| Rambling through the West by Wm. B. Gross, 1934 | series 5 | box 10 | folder 10 | |
| Weaver, Larry A., Joseph E. Davies and the American Mission to Moscow, 1998 | series 5 | box 10 | folder 11 | |
Series 6: Photographs, 1898-2001 and undated (0.875 linear feet)
Series 6 includes photographs of Ditzen's ancestors, family members, family properties, and many photographs of her, Millard Tydings, Lowell Ditzen, and political leaders such as Bill and Hillary Clinton.
| Description | Series | Box / Reel | Folder / Frame | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Costume ball at Oakington, 1981 | series 6 | box 1 | folder 1 | |
| Eleanor Tydings (1), 1937-1942 | series 6 | box 1 | folder 2 | |
| Eleanor Tydings (2), 1950-2001 | series 6 | box 1 | folder 3 | |
| Eleanor Tydings- photocopies, 1898-1938 | series 6 | box 1 | folder 4 | |
| Joseph E. Davies (1), 1936-1967 | series 6 | box 1 | folder 5 | |
| Joseph E. Davies (2), undated | series 6 | box 1 | folder 6 | |
| Eleanor Tydings and Clinton White House, 1994-2001 | series 6 | box 1 | folder 7 | |
| Millard and Eleanor Tydings, 1935-1959 | series 6 | box 1 | folder 8 | |
| Millard E. Tydings, 1918-1950 | series 6 | box 1 | folder 9 | |
| Millard E. Tydings Centennial celebration, 1991 | series 6 | box 1 | folder 10 | |
| Property- Oakington, undated | series 6 | box 1 | folder 11 | |
| Grave of Edward Davies in Wales, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 1 | |
| Family graveyard in Wales, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 2 | |
| Family farm in Wales, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 3 | |
| Paynter farm in Wales, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 4 | |
| Davies family, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 5 | |
| Davies family, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 6 | |
| Desk of Eleanor Tydings, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 7 | |
| James Knight, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 8 | |
| Fishing lodge of Col. J.H. Knight, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 9 | |
| Photos in frames, circa 1850- c. 1870 | series 6 | box 2 | folder 10 | |
| Elizabeth Kettle Clark, 1875 | series 6 | box 2 | folder 11 | |
| Mary Emlen Knight Davies and Ella Boudlin Witham Clark, 1870-1888 | series 6 | box 2 | folder 12 | |
| Col. J.H. Knight and Rahel Paynter Davies, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 13 | |
| Paynter family tree (microfiche), undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 14 | |
| Trecaron, Wales, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 15 | |
| Brooke Lee, 3 1/2, 1999 | series 6 | box 2 | folder 16 | |
| Dinner party, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 17 | |
| Sea Cloud, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 18 | |
| Millard E. Tydings in Maryland House of Delegates, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 19 | |
| Abigail Kawananakoa, 1930-1937 | series 6 | box 2 | folder 20 | |
| Osami Nagano with military police, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 21 | |
| Tregaron, 1948 | series 6 | box 2 | folder 22 | |
| Women of Achievement Antiques Show, 1998 | series 6 | box 2 | folder 23 | |
| Trip to Vassar, 1997 | series 6 | box 2 | folder 24 | |
| Laying cornerstone of Washington Hospital Center, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 25 | |
| Copy of daguerreotype of great-grandmother, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 26 | |
| Joseph E. Davies, undated | series 6 | box 2 | folder 27 | |
| Christening Atlantic Clipper airplane, 1939 | series 6 | box 2 | folder 28 | |
Series 7: Audiovisual Materials, 1980-1998 (0.50 linear feet.)
This series includes two items: an audiotape recording of a speech Ditzen gave about a family property in 1980, and a video cassette of a speech she made at the Washington Hospital Center in 1998.
| Description | Series | Box / Reel | Folder / Frame | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Speech by Mrs. Eleanor Tydings Ditzen -- Washington Hospital Center (Videotape), 1998 | series 7 | box 1 | folder 1 | |
| Speech by Mrs. Russell Lowell Ditzen -- "The Story of OakingtonThe Story of Maryland" -- National Society of the Colonial Dames of America (Audiotape), 1980 | series 7 | box 1 | folder 2 | |
Related Material
In addition to the copies in this collection, the complete published edition of Eleanor Tydings Ditzens autobiography, My Golden Spoon: Memoirs of a Capital Lady is available in the Marylandia collection (Maryland Stacks E748.T93 D58 1997).
For additional information relating to this collection, see the papers of Millard E. Tydings, Ms.Ditzen's second husband; and the Joseph D. Tydings papers, compiled by her son.
For other related archival and manuscript collections, please see the following subject guides.
Bibliography
Publications about Eleanor Davies Tydings:
- Ditzen, Eleanor Davies Tydings, My Golden Spoon: Memoirs of a Capital Lady. Lanham, Md.: Madison Books, [1997].
- Keith, Caroline H., For Hell and a Brown Mule: the Biography of Senator Millard E. Tydings. Lanham, Md.: Madison Books, 1991.