Albert Gross papers
Abstract
Albert H. (Pete) Gross (1895-1948) worked in publishing for more than two decades. His collection consists primarily of correspondence and manuscripts he accumulated during his tenure at Boni and Liveright, Inc.; Horace Liveright, Inc.; A. and S. Lyons, Inc.; and Coward-McCann, Inc. Manuscripts and correspondence relating to Thomas Mann's "Letter to the Civilized World: A Manifest" are particularly notable, as are other manuscripts and galley proofs, such as those for Ernest Hemingway's In Our Time. The collection also contains correspondence from such literary figures as Sholem Asch, Sherwood Anderson, Gertrude Atherton, Theodore Dreiser, Robinson Jeffers, and Eugene O'Neill.
Important Information for Users of the Collection
This collection is open for research.
Albert Gross papers, Special Collections, University of Maryland Libraries.
Photocopies of original materials may be provided for a fee and at the discretion of the curator. Please see our Duplication of Materials policy for more information. Queries regarding publication rights and copyright status of materials within this collection should be directed to the appropriate curator.
This collection is PROCESSED.
Historical Note
The personal life of Albert H. (Pete) Gross (1895-1948), who worked in publishing and translated Sholem Asch's East River from Yiddish, is largely undocumented. Gross was born in Leeds, England, and moved to the United States sometime before 1924. He died of a heart attack on August 16, 1948. At the time of his death, he was survived by his wife, Henrietta (Slater) Gross and their two children, Nancy and Herman.
In 1924, Gross, Alexander Trachtenberg, and A. A. Heller founded International Publishers, a socialist publishing house in New York. The firm specialized in English translations of leftist European literature. Their notable publications included Trotsky's Literature and Revolution, a collection of post-Revolutionary Russian short stories, and English translations of the novels of Pierre Hamp. By 1927, Gross had ended his association with International Publishers. He was later employed by publishers, including Boni & Liveright, its successor Horace Liveright, Inc., and Coward-McCann, Inc., and by A. and S. Lyons Inc., which negotiated movie and play rights for writers.
Gross worked in publishing for more than two decades. Among the writers he helped bring to mass audiences were Sherwood Anderson, Theodore Dreiser, Gene Fowler, Ernest Hemingway, Robinson Jeffers, and Eugene O'Neill. During his publishing career, he also corresponded with such literary and intellectual figures as Albert Einstein, William Faulkner, Georgia O'Keefe, Upton Sinclair, and Thornton Wilder. In 1938 and 1939, while at A. and S. Lyons, Gross worked to publish Thomas Mann's anti-Nazi work, "To the Civilized World: A Manifesto." He sought signatures from contemporary authors and intellectual figures in support of Mann's manifesto and organized a round-table discussion featuring literary and intellectual figures concerning Naziism and fascism, held on December 18, 1938, at Carnegie Hall. Despite Gross's efforts, there was little public support for Mann's manifesto, and the author eventually withdrew it from publication.
Scope and Contents of the Collection
The Albert H. Gross Collection, which spans the years 1924 to 1946, consists primarily of correspondence and manuscripts Gross accumulated during his tenure at Boni & Liveright, Inc.; Horace Liveright, Inc.; A. and S. Lyons, Inc.; and Coward-McCann, Inc. Manuscripts and correspondence relating to Thomas Mann's "Letter to the Civilized World: A Manifesto" are particularly notable. The collection contains correspondence from such literary figures as Sholem Asch, Sherwood Anderson, Gertrude Atherton, Theodore Dreiser, Robinson Jeffers, and Eugene O'Neill. Also included in the collection are a manuscript and galley proofs for Ernest Hemingway's In Our Time; galley proofs of Eugene O'Neill's Dynamo; and manuscripts and other materials by and about Theodore Dreiser, including a manuscript of The Bulwark and galley proofs of "The Stoic," the third section of his novel An American Tragedy. In addition the collection contains writings of Hart Crane and Ernest Toller and advertisements for works by Theodore Dreiser and e. e. cummings.
Custodial History and Acquisition Information
The University of Maryland Libraries purchased the Albert H. Gross Collection in May 1974.
Processing Information
Processed and guide completed by: Steve Hausfeld, October 1998
The Thomas Mann manifesto materials, which existed as a discrete grouping before processing, were arranged as Series I. The remainder of the correspondence in the collection was divided into two series: "Correspondence of Albert Gross" and "Correspondence Collected by Albert Gross." The original order of all of the correspondence, alphabetical by correspondent, was retained.
Remaining materials were divided into two series, "Writings" and "Photographs," and arranged alphabetically by author or subject. The galley proofs for Dreiser's "The Stoic," Hemingway's In Our Time, and O'Neill's Dynamo were flattened and placed in oversize storage. Photographs, which were originally interfiled with the correspondence, were also removed from the collection, placed in mylar sleeves and housed in oversize storage. All staples and paper clips were removed and replaced with plastic clips; fragile items were placed in mylar sleeves. All materials were placed in acid-free folders and acid-free boxes.
EAD markup created using EAD database in Microsoft Access. Markup completed by Lara D'Agaro, August 2007.
Arrangement of Collection
The collection is organized as five series:
Detailed Description of the Collection
Series 1: Thomas Mann's "To the Civilized World: A Manifesto,", 1938-1939 (0.25 linear feet)
This series contains materials relating to Thomas Mann's anti-Nazi work, "To the Civilized World: A Manifesto." Mann, who left Germany during the rise of the Nazi party, recorded his sentiments about Hitler and Naziism in the form of a manifesto. When Mann submitted this piece to A. and S. Lyons, Albert Gross assisted in its publication and solicited support from literary and intellectual figures living in the United States.
The series contains three typed manuscripts of the manifesto; a copy of the form letter Gross sent to literary and intellectual figures soliciting their signatures in support of Mann's work; and a letter written by Gross, outlining the contents of the manifesto. Also included are correspondence and phone messages with sixty-five literary and intellectual figures of the 1930s, mostly in response to Gross's form letter. Among those who responded are William Rose Benet, Albert Einstein, James T. Farrell, William Faulkner, Ford Madox Ford, Georgia O'Keefe, and Upton Sinclair. The correspondence between Mann and Gross relating to the manifesto and its eventual withdrawal from publication is particularly notable. In this series, copies of Mann's manifesto, Gross's form letter, and the manuscript of his letter to the editor precede the correspondence he received, which is arranged alphabetically by correspondent.
| Description | Series | Box / Reel | Folder / Frame | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thomas Mann, "To the Civilized World: a Manifesto," typed manuscript ((3 copies)), circa 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 1 | |
| Form letter soliciting support for the manifesto, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 2 | |
| Albert Gross, "Letter to the Editor," typed manuscript, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 3 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Maxwell Anderson, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 4 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Herbert Ashbury, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 5 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Charles Beard, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 6 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- William Rose Benet, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 7 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Silas Bent, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 8 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Thomas Hart Benton, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 9 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Roark Bradford, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 10 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Louis Bromfield, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 11 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Van Wyck Brooks, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 12 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Julia Burke [secretary for President Hutchins, University of Chicago], 1939 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 13 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- James Branch Cabell, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 14 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Henry S. Canby, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 15 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Paul Vincent Carroll, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 16 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Mary Ellen Chase, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 17 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Stuart Chase, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 18 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Noel Coward (phone message), 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 19 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Carl Crow, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 20 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Owen Davis, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 21 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Paul Dekruif, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 22 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- John Dewey, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 23 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Albert Einstein, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 24 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- John Erskine, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 25 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- James T. Farrell, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 26 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- William Faulkner, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 27 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Edna Ferber, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 28 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Dorothy Canfield Fisher, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 29 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Ford Madox Ford, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 30 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Gene Fowler, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 31 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Wanda Gag, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 32 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Harold Guinzburg, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 33 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- John Gunther, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 34 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Sidney Howard, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 35 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Inez Haynes Irwin, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 36 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Robert Kearney [secretary for Alexander Woollcott], 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 37 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Rockwell Kent, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 38 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Alfred Kreymborg, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 39 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- William McFee, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 40 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Archibald MacLeish, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 41 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Thomas Mann, 1938-1939 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 42 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Gustavus Myers, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 43 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- George Jean Nathan (phone message), 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 44 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Georgia O'Keefe, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 45 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Eugene O'Neill, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 46 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Dorothy Parker, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 47 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- William Lyon Phelps, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 48 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Burton Rascoe, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 49 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Elmer Rice (phone message), 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 50 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- George Seldes, 1938-1939 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 51 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Robert Sherwood, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 52 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Upton Sinclair, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 53 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- William M. Sladen [secretary for Mary Roberts Rinehart], 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 54 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Sigmund Spaeth, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 55 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Frank Sullivan, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 56 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Deems Taylor, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 57 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Norman Thomas, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 58 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Carl Van Doren, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 59 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Hendrik Willem Van Loon, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 60 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Pierre Van Paassen, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 61 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Hazel Welo [secretary for Sinclair Lewis], 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 62 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- William Allen White, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 63 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Thornton Wilder, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 64 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Charles Erskine Scott Wood, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 65 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- W. E. Woodward, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 66 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Lin Yu-Tang, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 67 | |
| Correspondence and Phone Messages -- Arnold Zwieg, 1938 | series 1 | box 1 | folder 68 | |
Series 2: Correspondence of Albert Gross, 1927-1946 ( 0.25 linear feet)
This series contains business correspondence addressed to Gross during his tenure at the Liveright and Coward-McCann publishing firms. Most of the correspondence is related to his work in publishing; however, some letters discuss personal subjects. Included in the series is correspondence from Sholem Asch; Gertrude Atherton; Maxwell Bodenheim; Theodore Dreiser; Gene Fowler; Robinson Jeffers; Howard Liveright; Kathleen Millay; George Moore; Sean O'Casey; Eugene O'Neill; Elliot Paul; Willem Hendrik Van Loon; and Art Young. The correspondence from George Moore is addressed to Howard Liveright, and Sean O'Casey's letters are addressed to Richard Madden. Liveright and Madden presumably forwarded these letters to Gross. All other correspondence is addressed directly to Gross. One file contains letters from unidentified correspondents, arranged chronologically. The series is arranged alphabetically by correspondent.
| Description | Series | Box / Reel | Folder / Frame | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peter Arno, undated | series 2 | box 1 | folder 1 | |
| Sholem Asch, 1943, 1946, and undated | series 2 | box 1 | folder 2 | |
| Gertrude Atherton, 1932 and undated | series 2 | box 1 | folder 3 | |
| Silas Bent, 1929 | series 2 | box 1 | folder 4 | |
| Maxwell Bodenheim, undated | series 2 | box 1 | folder 5 | |
| Theodore Dreiser, 1927-1931, 1933-36, and undated | series 2 | box 1 | folder 6 | |
| Gene Fowler, 1930-1931 and undated | series 2 | box 1 | folder 7 | |
| Robinson Jeffers, 1928-1929 and undated | series 2 | box 1 | folder 8 | |
| Howard Liveright, 1926 | series 2 | box 1 | folder 9 | |
| Kathleen Millay, 1927 | series 2 | box 1 | folder 10 | |
| George Moore, 1926 and 1932 | series 2 | box 1 | folder 11 | |
| Sean O'Casey, 1939 and undated | series 2 | box 1 | folder 12 | |
| Eugene O'Neill, 1928 and 1930 | series 2 | box 1 | folder 13 | |
| Elliot Paul, 1937 and 1940 | series 2 | box 1 | folder 14 | |
| Burton Rascoe, 1932 | series 2 | box 1 | folder 15 | |
| Unidentified correspondents, 1928-1932, 1939, and undated | series 2 | box 1 | folder 16 | |
| Hendrik Willem Van Loon, 1928, 1930, and undated | series 2 | box 1 | folder 17 | |
| Margaret Vierleck (Sylvester Vierleck's wife), undated | series 2 | box 1 | folder 18 | |
| Serge Voronoff, undated | series 2 | box 1 | folder 19 | |
| Jakob Wasserman, 1933 | series 2 | box 1 | folder 20 | |
| Art Young, 1929-1933, 1942-1943, and undated | series 2 | box 1 | folder 21 | |
Series 3: Collected by Albert Gross, 1926-1932 (1 linear inch)
This series contains correspondence addressed to others that Gross may have collected while working for Liveright and Coward-McCann. Included are letters from Sherwood Anderson to Saxe Cummings; from Gertrude Atherton to T. R. Smith; from Theodore Dreiser to Arthur Pell; and from Paul Palmer, the Sunday editor of the New York World, to Theodore Dreiser. The series is arranged alphabetically by correspondent.
| Description | Series | Box / Reel | Folder / Frame | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sherwood Anderson, undated | series 3 | box 1 | folder 1 | |
| Gertrude Atherton, undated | series 3 | box 1 | folder 2 | |
| Theodore Dreiser, 1931 | series 3 | box 1 | folder 3 | |
| Paul Palmer, 1929 | series 3 | box 1 | folder 4 | |
Series 4: Writings Collected by Albert Gross, 1924-1946 and undated (0.25 linear feet)
This series contains typed manuscripts, galley proofs, and publications apparently collected by Gross. It includes a limited edition publication of two Hart Crane letters and him AND the CRITICS, a promotional pamphlet, arranged by S. A. Jacobs, for the April 18, 1929, production of e. e. cummings's play "him." It also contains two advertisements for Theodore Dreiser publications, one for Epitaph and one titled A Book about Theodore Dreiser and His Work. Other Dreiser materials include a typed manuscript of The Bulwark; a signed title-page for a limited edition copy of "Gallery of Women"; a typed manuscript of the poem "The Hidden God"; a typed manuscript and galley proofs of "The Stoic," a section of his novel An American Tragedy; and a typed manuscript of "What the Great War Taught Me." Also included in this series are a typed manuscript and galley proofs of Ernest Hemingway's In Our Time; galley proofs of Eugene O'Neill's Dynamo; and typed manuscripts of Ernest Toller's "The Death of a Mother" and "I Saw Hitler." The series is arranged alphabetically by author and title.
| Description | Series | Box / Reel | Folder / Frame | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hart Crane -- "Two Letters: Hart Crane", 1934 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 1 | |
| e. e. cummings -- him AND the CRITICS, 1929 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 2 | |
| Theodore Dreiser -- Advertisements, 1929 and undated | series 4 | box 1 | folder 3 | |
| Theodore Dreiser -- The Bulwark -- corrected typed manuscript, 1946 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 4 | |
| Theodore Dreiser -- The Bulwark -- corrected typed manuscript, 1946 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 5 | |
| Theodore Dreiser -- "A Gallery of Women" -- signed title page , 1929 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 6 | |
| Theodore Dreiser -- "The Hidden God" -- typed manuscript, 1924 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 7 | |
| Theodore Dreiser -- "The Stoic" -- Corrected typed manuscript, 1926 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 8 | |
| Theodore Dreiser -- "The Stoic" -- Uncorrected galley proofs (oversize), 1926 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 9 | |
| Theodore Dreiser -- "What Has the Great War Taught Me?" -- typed manuscript, 1934 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 10 | |
| Ernest Hemingway -- In Our Time -- Typed manuscript, 1924 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 11 | |
| Ernest Hemingway -- In Our Time -- Typed manuscript, 1924 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 12 | |
| Ernest Hemingway -- In Our Time -- Typed manuscript, 1924 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 13 | |
| Ernest Hemingway -- In Our Time -- Typed manuscript, 1924 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 14 | |
| Ernest Hemingway -- In Our Time -- Corrected galley proofs (oversize), 1924 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 15 | |
| Eugene O'Neill -- Dynamo -- uncorrected galley proof (oversize), 1929 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 16 | |
| Ernest Toller -- "The Death of a Mother" -- typed manuscript, 1939 | series 4 | box 1 | folder 17 | |
| Ernest Toller -- "I Saw Hitler" -- unpublished, undated | series 4 | box 1 | folder 18 | |
Series 5: Photographs, 1932 and undated (4 items)
This series contains photographs collected by Gross, including signed portraits of Sherwood Anderson, Gertrude Atherton, and Eugene O'Neill. Also in this series is a portrait, by Carl Van Vechten, of Maurice Schwartz from his performance in Yoshe Kolb. The photographs are arranged alphabetically by subject.
| Description | Series | Box / Reel | Folder / Frame | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sherwood Anderson -- signed by Anderson -- on verso, "Mr. Sherwood Anderson/photograph copyrighted/Please give credit-line to Lusha Nelson," (oversize), undated | series 5 | box 1 | folder 1 | |
| Gertrude Atherton -- on verso, "Very sincerely to Mr. Gross from Gertrude Atherton 1932," (oversize), 1932 | series 5 | box 1 | folder 2 | |
| Eugene O'Neill -- signed "To Pete Gross--with all best! Eugene O'Neill April 1932," (oversize), 1932 | series 5 | box 1 | folder 3 | |
| Maurice Schwartz -- on verso, "Maurice Schwartz in Yoshe Kolb, photograph by Carl Van Vechten XXIIb:19.," (oversize), undated | series 5 | box 1 | folder 4 | |
Related Material
Authors and individuals with significant materials in the Albert Gross Collection include Sholem Asch, Theodore Dreiser, Ernest Hemingway, Horace Liveright, Thomas Mann, and Eugene O'Neill.
Primary sources related to Sholem Asch can be found in the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research Library, New York, New York, and the Nathan Asch Papers, at Winthrop University, Rockville, South Carolina.
Primary sources for Theodore Dreiser are located at the University of Pennsylvania; the University of California; the Huntington Library, San Marino, California; Cornell University; Columbia University; the University of Virginia; and the Indiana Historical Society Library, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Primary sources related to Ernest Hemingway are located at Southern Illinois University; Boise State University; Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois; the John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard University; Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; Penn State University; University of Virginia; and in the Ernest Hemingway Collection in the University of Maryland Libraries.
The personal papers of Horace Brisbin Liveright are located at the University of Pennsylvania.
European locations of primary sources for Thomas Mann include the Thomas Mann Archiv in Zurich, the Thomas Mann Archiv in Berlin, and the Handschriftenabteilung der Stadtbibliothek, in Munich. In the United States, primary sources for Thomas Mann are located at Yale University and at Princeton University.
Eugene O'Neill's papers are located at Yale University; Harvard University; the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Princeton University; and the University of Virginia.
For other related archival and manuscript collections, please see the following subject guides.
Selected Search Terms
This collection is indexed under the following headings in the University of Maryland Libraries' Catalog. Researchers desiring related materials about these topics, names, or places may search the Catalog using these headings.
Subjects
- Gross, A. H. -- Correspondence.
- Gross, A. H. -- Friends and associates.
- Novelists -- 20th century -- Correspondence.
- Translators -- United States -- Correspondence.
Names (Added Entries)
- Anderson, Sherwood, 1876-1941.
- Atherton, Gertrude Franklin Horn, 1857-1948.
- Dreiser, Theodore, 1871-1945.
- Einstein, Albert, 1879-1955.
- Ford, Ford Madox, 1871-1945.
- Gross, A. H.
- Hemingway, Ernest, 1899-1961.
- Liveright, Horace Brisbin, 1886-1933.
- Mann, Thomas, 1875-1955.
- O'Neill, Eugene, 1888-1953.